‘Is he an honest man?’. », Manu's GCSE guide to Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde », Background and context- Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jeckyll and Hyde Section 1- Background and context, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde - Respectability and Repression, See all Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde resources », Lawyers, doctors, army officers, church ministers, "if it came to trial, your name might appear", Tries to avoid talking about Hyde to anyone else, “he had not Stoic-Christian honor is still indelibly imprinted on our cultural consciousness for several reasons. Victorian gentlemen were known to have a great reputation that they had to withhold to gain such a standard and mark of the ‘gentlemen’. The established career for society women was marriage - … Part IV: The Gentlemen and the Roughs: The Collision of Two Honor Codes in the American North Twil be like manna for the soul. … When 18-year-old Queen Victoria ascended to the British throne in 1837, very few of her subjects had traveled more than 10 miles from the rural spot in which they were born, goods and messages could only travel as fast as a horse could carry them, and only half of English citizens could read and write. Any thoughts or feelings of emotion or sexual feelings were thought to be wrong and should not be shown in any way so people's thoughts and feelings were restricted. Victorian Gentleman The concept of the nineteenth-century Gentleman is a complex one, though it is one which is, as one recent critic has noted, "the necessary link in any analysis of mid-Victorian ways of thinking and behaving." The effect may be subtle, and perhaps even subliminal, but it all helps. Part of the reasoning behind what had been the landed aristocracy’s exclusive control of politics and culture, was the idea that because they didn’t work for a living, they would be able to serve society with a value highly prized during this period: disinterest. As Richard D. Altick argues, “In a nation riven by economic and social disparities, the widely accepted principles of moral Evangelicalism had a reconciling effect, bringing classes together in what might be called an ethical democracy. 80% of English citizens now lived in towns and cities, and some of their homes were outfitted with electric lights, had cabinets stocked with canned foods, and sat on gaslight-dotted streets. This article series is now available as a professionally formatted, distraction free ebook to read offline at your leisure. Sought after as an indication of social status, the term gentleman retained a certain value as an index of rank and affluence until the early 19th century. Victorian People and Ideas by Richard D. Altick Sources: It is his estimation of his own worth, his claim to pride, but it is also the acknowledgment of that claim, his excellence recognized by society, his right to pride.” While the claim to pride for a Victorian gentleman rested on moral virtues rather than physical prowess, the process was the same for him as it was for primitive man – it began with an inner claim to excellence, but that claim had to then be recognized by one’s peers. [3] Distinguished from other eras by top hats, canes, three piece suits, side-burns and a high level of class were the dapper gentlemen of the Victorian Era. The idea of classes is hard for us to fully grasp from our modern viewpoint. Second, the Victorian era represented the last manifestation of honor as a societal culture, not simply as a private concept. Net worth was an abstract consideration in the Victorian era, writes Mitchell. Oftentimes, when a modern man thinks about honor, his mind turns to the ideals of honesty and integrity, duels (we’ll get to those next time), university honor codes, “women and children first,” and a well-mannered, Stoic uprightness. “Victorian society was obsessed with reputation and appearance” Compare how this idea is presented in the texts you have studied and to what extent you agree with this statement. in: A Man's Life, Featured, Honor, On Manhood, Brett & Kate McKay And so that is where we will turn next time. If manliness be in his heart, Expanding Democracy. Part V: Honor in the American South Reputation reputation was very important to Victorian gentleman reputation can be linked with morality and how people portray themselves in public compared to private immoral activities would damage a gentleman's reputation and they would lose social advantages and status Victorian Gentlemen & His Reputation. Be nought, be any, everything, Nostalgia. These morals usually included any set of values that supported chastity, not committing crimes, a strict code of conduct within society. Personal progress and material progress fed each other in a loop. The Victorian era seems to be a time of many contradictions and secrets from the rest of society. This restrictive and demure line is typical of the early Victorian period 1837 – 50. A Victorian man needed to get in touch with his conscience more than his predecessors, because increased geographic mobility and travel meant that, unlike his primal brethren, he had a good chance of finding himself outside his honor group and among strangers – or with no supervision at all. © Copyright Get Revising 2021 all rights reserved. He is a wealthy man and lives in a house with his butler, Poole. Many felt that during England’s Regency era (roughly 1795 to 1837), the upper classes had grown decadent, reveling in flamboyance and dandyism, and focusing too much attention on appearance and clothes. A man could now write a letter on his typewriter, get his portrait taken by the local photographer, have an x-ray, vaccination, or chloroform administered by his doctor, and shave with a safety razor at home instead of visiting the barber to have his whiskers trimmed. The palace or the hovel A reputation for bad manners, immorality or lax character, or a poor work ethic at your employer would slam shut the doors of both society and business; when meeting a new social or business contact, you had to present letters of recommendation and introduction from others who could vouch for your character. We set the year to 1895 and dress as the wealthy landowners would have done. Because of the system of primogeniture, only the first born sons inherited a title. Nor where his youth was nursed; As we’ll discuss more in the next post, there are different types of honor in every class, but the landed aristocracy laid exclusive right to the term. I care not what you be, When introducing a gentleman and a woman, the gentleman should always be introduced to the lady and never the other way around, and never with asking the lady for her permission first. This struggle between competing ideas of manly honor is vividly illuminated against the backdrop of the diverging societies and values of the American North and South. The rising business class turned that idea on its head — arguing that idleness was a vice, while work was a nearly sacred virtue. Now brace yourself – today’s post is a doozy. The topic of manly honor is both far more complicated and much more fascinating than I had anticipated. While it may be hard to believe, in the absence of many legal restraints, the standard of business morality was quite high, and despite the inevitable swindles of a few scoundrels and cheats, the honor system kept corruption largely in check. November 6, 2012 Although the stereotype of ridiculously repressed and prudish Victorians paints far too narrow a view of a much more diverse group, in overzealous hands, the honor code did indeed become priggish and austere – focused only on the don’ts rather than moderation and positive virtues. Here are a few suggestions for a 21st Century man to present an illusion of a Victorian gentleman: When Victoria died in 1901, the pace and texture of life had dramatically transformed. The most important change of the 19th century, however, was the rise of the middle class. Since they didn’t care about money, the thinking went, the landed aristocracy could be morally and intellectually independent, and would do the right thing regardless of circumstances – always putting community needs over self-interest. At the start of the Victorian era (1830s-1900), English society was highly stratified and hierarchical, and the population fell into three main classes. », pls feedback on Mr Hyde representation answer? I seek not of; but answer this— The Victorian honor code fostered the use of oaths and the creation of smaller male honor groups. For the Victorians, the two types of progress went hand in hand. The topic of honor in the Victorian period is the most complex part of a complex evolution, as it involves a myriad of influences and factors. Victorian era, the period between about 1820 and 1914, corresponding roughly to the period of Queen Victoria’s reign (1837–1901) and characterized by a class-based society, a growing number of people able to vote, a growing state and economy, and Britain’s status as the most powerful empire in the world. Even so, if an engaged couple discovered that they were incompatible, Victorian-era marriage manuals and books on etiquette strongly advised breaking the engagement rather than embarking on what would surely be a miserable marriage. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing. And even those in the middle and upper classes struggled to reconcile what felt like a very manly urge to be aggressive and rowdy, with the ideal of being a refined and restrained gentleman, who was above such things. • Last updated: September 30, 2020. Her reputation would be ruined and her gentleman companion would find himself the object of gossip, and most usually derision. Concerned with maintaining Jekyll's. How to Grow a Beard: The One and True Guide, Sunday Firesides: Disappointment, The Emotion of Children. The aristocracy, a centuries-old honor group that had ever been hostile to incursions from outsiders, vehemently fought against the relinquishing of their position. A manger was the cradle-bed Thus, with those very basic needs taken care of, Victorian society turned to a higher aspiration for their honor code: progress – both moral and material. It seemed, to some Victorians, to have been a period in which materialism had sapped society’s spirituality – the rich walked around in fine attire, but were rotten to the core. Thus a broader code of honor helped unite the country and create national cohesion. Sincerity and earnestness were prized; vanity, frivolity, and foppishness spurned. The rise of industry powered sweeping changes in the technological, sociological, and economic landscape of the West. It accomplishes this by shaming individuals who don’t meet the code’s standards, and rewarding those who do, giving special amounts of praise and privileges to those who don’t just keep the code, but excel it. University honor codes celebrated the ideal that simply by giving one’s word of honor, a student could be trusted to do the right thing – academically or otherwise – even when someone wasn’t looking over his shoulder. He is presented as a typical gentleman who have authority in the Victorian society. Traditional honor was based solely on your having a reputation worthy of respect and admiration in a group of equal peers, while inner honor is judged only by the man (and perhaps God) himself. Younger sons belonged to the gentry, and though they lacked a title, they were still considered nobility, and true “gentlemen.” Whether titled or not, one of the defining qualities of the upper class was that they did not have to work, nor taint themselves with the commonness of trade to earn a living; their income came wholly from owning and renting out land. Victorian ladies should consider the introduction of one acquaintance to another a matter of serious responsibility. Manners for the Victorian Gentleman "The old saying that it takes two generations to make a gentleman is being refuted every day, for Americans are remarked not only for their facility in amassing fortunes but in furnishing themselves with presentable manners on short notice" While the Victorian honor code provided a universal set of standards that could cross geographic boundaries and class lines, and also help men navigate impersonal relationships, the growth of rootless crowds and lonely anonymity spurred men to create smaller honor groups that could replicate the camaraderie and brotherhood of the past. Cities bred anonymity – gone were the face-to-face interactions between kin that were essential to the enforcement of public, primal honor. He noble birth may claim. He seems to keep a lot to himself and show little signs of emotion which could be due to his reputation as a lawyer. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Can someone please give me a mark or at least feedback on my Jekyll and Hyde essay? The coming of the railroads collapsed distances and made travel cheaper, and national newspapers and popular entertainments eroded distinct regional customs. Part VII: How and Why to Revive Manly Honor in the Twenty-First Century Farmers who rented a large piece of land but had others do most of the physical work for them were considered middle class too. Initiates had (and still do) swear an oath, which typically contains pledges of loyalty to one’s fraternity brothers and a promise to conduct oneself as a gentleman. By 1900, under the influence of the political, economic, and social changes of the Victorian era, the word had acquired a variety of usages and meanings which fully reflected the complexity of English society. We only recommend products we genuinely like, and purchases made through our links support our mission and the free content we publish here on AoM. But while physical and cultural boundaries were eroding, class distinctions remained. Indeed, the Victorian period developed a quasi obsession with gentility and gentlemanliness. For the urban working class, honor still resembled the primal variety, with disputes settled with fists and status based on physical prowess and strength. Where first he drew his breath? Each man could morally progress as far as he determined to go. First, the Victorian era represented the birth of the modern mindset, and its honor code developed in response to technological, sociological, and economical factors that are still with us today; the effort to deal the seemingly fast and ever-changing pace of life, the consequences of anonymity, and the pursuit of personal progress and professional goals still resonates with our own sensibilities. A man who achieved this congruence of outer behavior and inner virtue, adherents to the Stoic-Christian honor code argued, not only earned the approbation of others but enjoyed the satisfaction of a free and clear conscience. Maybe even all this week, so we can actually have time for working on other posts, and showering. The sleeves are tight and she also wears a shawl. I care not though of world’s wealth ‘Hath he a true-man’s heart?’. The rise of the middle class during the Victorian period created a social fluidity that would challenge this system, and necessitate the creation of a new honor culture that transcended all classes. (Contrast this standard with the advice that traditional honor-ist Thomas Jefferson gave to his nephew decades prior to “ask yourself how you would act were all the world looking at you, and act accordingly.”). He consistently seeks to preserve order and decorum, does not gossip, and guards his friends’ reputations as though they were his own. In a minute we’ll get to the overarching purpose behind the creation of the Stoic-Christian honor code, but let’s talk first about a few of its more practical functions: The Victorian honor code helped create structure in a rapidly changing society. Duality is shown not only through the various characters, but also in the setting to portray facets of the duality within the … Nostalgia for the idealized chivalry of medieval knights inspired respect for women, while adherence to ancient Stoic philosophy put a premium on self-sufficiency, self-control, and unflappable reserve – the famous British “stiff upper lip.” Most of all, the Victorian code of honor emphasized the virtues connected with economic success – those that could help working and middle class men rise in the world: initiative, pluck, ingenuity, independence and personal responsibility (going into debt was shameful), ambition, thrift, punctuality, orderliness, cleanliness, patience, dependability, and most of all hard work. Evangelical Christianity moved away from traditional Calvinist beliefs in total depravity (humans are essentially rotten sinners) and predestination, and instead emphasized a person’s free will, and that salvation was open to any who chose to believe and cultivated an inner faith. And adherence to the code of conduct was a way to build your public reputation for honor; good manners were easily observable markers by which others could judge you, and were seen as outward manifestations of the inner virtues of self-control, courtesy, and respect. I think. If you put all these influences in a pot, and mix them together, what you come up with is the tenets of the Victorian honor code or what Bertram Wyatt-Brown terms “Stoic-Christian honor,” and what Victorians often used interchangeably with “respectability.” The expanding democratic spirit had inspired a code based on merit over birth, and each of the other influences imparted several qualities to the standards that comprised this new honor code. The lady wears a dress with a long, tight, pointed bodice and full skirt supported on many petticoats. 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Before the 19th century, travel and communication was greatly limited, as was trade, and communities were largely self-contained and self-sufficient. If they were seen doing such things, they may no longer be seen as a gentleman at all, which would mean losing many social advantages. ... A Room of His Own: A Literary-Cultural Study of Victorian Clubland. Third, many of the ideals of the Stoic-Christian honor code continue to have deep appeal (and often pop up here on AoM), the reasons for which I will discuss in the final post in this series. Then we tackle the evolution of honor in the wars of the 20th century, followed by the decline of honor during the countercultural movement and its modern state. Utterson. Nay, blush not now; what matters it As previously mentioned, for centuries people largely accepted being a member of the class they were born into, and there was almost no chance of moving up into a higher class – a commoner couldn’t work his way into the aristocracy no matter how hard he tried. Manners were designed to foster decorum, but they also eased the interactions between strangers. The Rise of the Self-Made Man. Commoners were decidedly outside their honor group, and contrary to the system of honor that had existed in primitive times, they could not earn their way into it through adherence to the group’s honor code. I ask not from what land he came, It introduces students to the key figure of the Victorian gentleman, the theme of reputation and Victorian views on religion and science. Daily Life in Victorian England by Sally Mitchell Remember the definition from Julian Pitt-Rivers I shared in the first post: “Honour is the value of a person in his own eyes, but also in the eyes of his society. But the middle-class would force them to give way, not simply by attaining wealth and fighting for a voice in government, but by creating a new honor code – one that was open to all, regardless of class — a code based on ethics and virtues that would come to supplant the one based on birth. Manufacturers, merchants, and bankers were some of the newer members of the middle class (more on this below), and as white-collar work expanded, the new journalists, police officers, and insurance agents joined the ranks as well. The evangelical movement stressed the importance of morality, particularly chastity, piety, and charity for others. Also Stevenson could be exploring the views of gentlemen in the victorian … We often think of them as having to do entirely with income level, and while that was certainly a factor, it also depended on values, education, occupation, family connections and history, birth, as well as your manners, speech, and clothing. While England’s economic center of gravity was shifting away from agricultural and towards industrial capitalism, and while many of the nascent middle-class were earning incomes greater than those who owned acreage, the status and political power of the new rich in manufacturing, business, and finance did not keep pace with their rising contribution to the nation’s wealth. One of the voluntary groups that l belong to is a living history society. Their often abrasive relations were eased by their possession of a common morality.”. From Ancient Greece, they adopted parts of Stoic philosophy. Part III: The Victorian Era and the Development of the Stoic-Christian Code of Honor And the more men strove for status, the greater the economic and technological progress society experienced as a whole. To be found alone with a gentleman who was other than family was tantamount to social death. The more he excelled at the code, and the more he cultivated ambition, industry, discipline, and so on, the higher a gentleman rose in the ranks of society and the more status he gained. Conversely, each man who slipped into immorality played a role in sapping the whole nation’s strength (some even considered moral laxity treason during times of war). The Role of Reputation. The Victorian Age is considered to be the Heyday of the gentlemanly ideal, both in society and in literature. If yes you answer when I ask, In Victorian society, unlike in the primitive honor cultures we have discussed previously, raw survival was no longer the most pressing need. blackness came about his eyes”. 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